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PA4 – THE TIME OF ARCHITECTURE

Here we’ll go through the most emblematic periods of Architecture, following the timeline:

PREHISTORIC TIMES (11 600 BCE – 3 500 BCE)

  • earthen mound
  • Stonehenge circle
  • megalith
Source: WiWok; HistoryExtra; megalithic.co.uk
  • geometric forms
  • imitation of the Sun and Moon (circle shapes)

ANCIENT EGYPT (3 050 BCE – 900 BCE)

  • Step Pyramid of Djoser by Imhotep
  • ancient houses
  • temple
Source: Sharm-club; Pinterest; WordPress
  • No wood because of the arid landscape
  • Columns placed together to support the entablature above (no load-bearing arches)
  • High sloping walls bc the weight was supported by the pyramid base
  • No mortar to link stone bricks —> carefully cut stones (in order to fit together)

CLASSICAL (850 BCE – CE 476)

Fountain of Trevi, Rome
  • Precise rules & mathematical principles

GREEK (700 – 323 BCE)

  • parthenon
  • temple of Zeus
  • ionic caryatid
  • ionic capital

HELLENISTIC (323 – 146 BCE)

  • temple of Apollo
  • Pergamon theater
  • estoa
  • Corinthian capital

ROMAN (44 BCE – 476 CE)

  • Vitruvius
  • theatre façade, Aosta
  • arch of Augustus
  • los Milagros Aqueduct, Mérida

BYZANTINE (527 – 565)

Hagia Sophia, Istambul

ROMANESQUE (800 – 1200)

  • apsidal chapels
  • crossing & crypt
  • flying-buttress and arches
Church of Sant Vicenç de Cardona
  • crossing (central area)
  • apsidal chapels (small side chapels)
  • barrel vaulting
  • small windows and thick walls

GOTHIC (1100 – 1450)

Notre Dame de Paris
  • façade
  • flying buttresses
  • stained glass

RENAISSANCE (1400 – 1600)

Basilica of Saint Peter, Rome
  • Tempietto del Bramante
  • domed roof
  • Latin cross nave
  • squared & symmetrical
  • facades, columns and pilasters, arches, vaults, domes, windows, and walls
  • massive volumes
  • other examples…

BAROQUE (1600 – 1830)

Château de Versailles
  • the war room
  • Galerie des Glaces
  • chapel in restoration
  • irregular shapes
  • extravagant ornaments
  • bold contrasts

ROCOCO (1670 – 1790)

Hermitage Museum, Russia
  • sweeping curves
  • elegant decorative designs with scrolls, vines, shell-shapes and geometric patterns
  • pastel colors

NEOCLASSICISM (1730 – 1925)

Washington DC Capitol Building
  • simple & geometric forms
  • dramatic columns

Temple style:

  • Paris Pantheon
  • British Museum, London

Palladian:

  • Andrea Palladio
  • the White House

Classical:

  • Bibliothèque Sainte-Geneviève
  • Palais Garnier

ART NOUVEAU (1890 – 1914)

  • as a revolt against industrialization turned people’s attention to the natural forms and personal craftsmanship
  • asymmetrical shapes, arches, curves, plant-like design
  • façade
  • interior
Casa Batlló, Barcelona
  • Tassel House, Brussels
  • Lutetia Hôtel, Paris
  • The Old England Building, Brussels

BEAUX ARTS (1895 – 1925)

  • symmetrical
  • ornamentation
  • façade
  • inside
  • Jean Louis Charles Garnie
The Paris Opera House

NEO-GOTHIC (1905 – 1930)

Chicago Tribune Tower, USA

ART DECO (1925 – 1937)

  • Chrysler, NYC
  • Eastern Columbia, LA
  • Bryant Park Hotel, NYC

MODERNIST (1900 – PRESENT)

  • Le Corbusier
  • Notre Dame du Haut, France
  • Heidi Weber Pavilion, Zurich
  • Villa Savoye, France

POSTMODERNISM (1972 – PRESENT)

  • the old Town Hall, Florida
  • Philip Johnson
  • Stetson University Center, Florida
  • AT&T Building
  • arched entrance

NEO-MODERNISM & PARAMETRICISM (1997 – PRESENT)

  • Zaha Hadid
  • Cultural Center Heydar, Bakú
  • Main room of Guangzhou Opera
  • Galaxy Soho, Beijing
  • Guangzhou opera
Zaha Hadid’s Works